Memory Management in TuskLang with Rust

🧠 Memory Foundation

Memory management with TuskLang and Rust provides unparalleled safety and performance through its unique ownership system. This guide covers ownership, borrowing, lifetimes, and advanced memory management patterns.

🏗️ Memory Architecture

Memory Model

[memory_model]
ownership: true
borrowing: true
lifetimes: true
zero_cost: true
[memory_principles]
no_garbage_collection: true
compile_time_checks: true
zero_overhead: true
memory_safety: true

Memory Components

[memory_components]
stack: "automatic"
heap: "manual"
static: "global"
thread_local: "per_thread"

🔧 Ownership System

Ownership Rules

[ownership_rules]
single_owner: true
move_semantics: true
drop_automatic: true
[ownership_implementation]
// Basic ownership
pub fn ownership_example() {
    let s1 = String::from("hello");
    let s2 = s1; // s1 is moved to s2, s1 is no longer valid
    
    // println!("{}", s1); // This would not compile
    println!("{}", s2); // This works
}
// Ownership in functions
pub fn take_ownership(s: String) -> String {
    println!("{}", s);
    s // Return ownership
}
pub fn ownership_function_example() {
    let s1 = String::from("hello");
    let s2 = take_ownership(s1); // s1's value moves into the function
    println!("{}", s2); // s2 is still valid
}
// Ownership with structs
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct User {
    name: String,
    email: String,
}
impl User {
    pub fn new(name: String, email: String) -> Self {
        Self { name, email }
    }
    
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }
    
    pub fn email(&self) -> &str {
        &self.email
    }
    
    pub fn into_parts(self) -> (String, String) {
        (self.name, self.email)
    }
}
pub fn struct_ownership_example() {
    let user = User::new(
        String::from("John Doe"),
        String::from("john@example.com"),
    );
    
    println!("User: {:?}", user);
    
    let (name, email) = user.into_parts();
    println!("Name: {}, Email: {}", name, email);
}

Move Semantics

[move_semantics]
move_behavior: true
copy_traits: true
clone_behavior: true
[move_implementation]
// Move semantics with vectors
pub fn move_vector_example() {
    let v1 = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    let v2 = v1; // v1 is moved to v2
    
    // println!("{:?}", v1); // This would not compile
    println!("{:?}", v2); // This works
}
// Move semantics with custom types
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Data {
    values: Vec<i32>,
}
impl Data {
    pub fn new(values: Vec<i32>) -> Self {
        Self { values }
    }
    
    pub fn add_value(&mut self, value: i32) {
        self.values.push(value);
    }
    
    pub fn get_values(&self) -> &[i32] {
        &self.values
    }
    
    pub fn into_values(self) -> Vec<i32> {
        self.values
    }
}
pub fn custom_move_example() {
    let mut data = Data::new(vec![1, 2, 3]);
    data.add_value(4);
    
    println!("Values: {:?}", data.get_values());
    
    let values = data.into_values();
    println!("Extracted values: {:?}", values);
    
    // data is no longer valid here
}

🔄 Borrowing System

Reference Borrowing

[reference_borrowing]
immutable_references: true
mutable_references: true
borrowing_rules: true
[borrowing_implementation]
// Immutable borrowing
pub fn immutable_borrow_example() {
    let s1 = String::from("hello");
    let len = calculate_length(&s1); // s1 is borrowed, not moved
    
    println!("The length of '{}' is {}.", s1, len);
}
pub fn calculate_length(s: &String) -> usize {
    s.len()
}
// Mutable borrowing
pub fn mutable_borrow_example() {
    let mut s = String::from("hello");
    change(&mut s);
    println!("{}", s);
}
pub fn change(some_string: &mut String) {
    some_string.push_str(", world");
}
// Multiple immutable references
pub fn multiple_immutable_borrows() {
    let s = String::from("hello");
    let r1 = &s;
    let r2 = &s;
    
    println!("{} and {}", r1, r2);
}
// Borrowing rules enforcement
pub fn borrowing_rules_example() {
    let mut s = String::from("hello");
    
    let r1 = &s; // no problem
    let r2 = &s; // no problem
    // let r3 = &mut s; // BIG PROBLEM - can't have mutable reference with immutable references
    
    println!("{} and {}", r1, r2);
    // r1 and r2 are no longer used after this point
    
    let r3 = &mut s; // no problem
    println!("{}", r3);
}

Advanced Borrowing

[advanced_borrowing]
borrow_checker: true
lifetime_elision: true
borrow_splitting: true
[advanced_borrowing_implementation]
// Borrow checker example
pub fn borrow_checker_example() {
    let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    
    let first = &v[0]; // immutable borrow
    // v.push(6); // This would not compile - can't have mutable borrow with immutable borrow
    println!("The first element is: {}", first);
    
    // After first is no longer used
    v.push(6); // This works now
}
// Lifetime elision
pub fn first_word(s: &str) -> &str {
    let bytes = s.as_bytes();
    
    for (i, &item) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
        if item == b' ' {
            return &s[0..i];
        }
    }
    
    &s[..]
}
// Borrow splitting
pub fn borrow_splitting_example() {
    let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
    
    let (first, rest) = v.split_first_mut().unwrap();
    *first += 1;
    
    for element in rest {
        *element += 1;
    }
    
    println!("{:?}", v);
}
// Struct with references
pub struct ImportantExcerpt<'a> {
    part: &'a str,
}
impl<'a> ImportantExcerpt<'a> {
    pub fn new(part: &'a str) -> Self {
        Self { part }
    }
    
    pub fn announce_and_return_part(&self, announcement: &str) -> &str {
        println!("Attention please: {}", announcement);
        self.part
    }
}

⏰ Lifetime Management

Lifetime Annotations

[lifetime_annotations]
lifetime_parameters: true
lifetime_bounds: true
static_lifetime: true
[lifetime_implementation]
// Lifetime parameters
pub fn longest<'a>(x: &'a str, y: &'a str) -> &'a str {
    if x.len() > y.len() {
        x
    } else {
        y
    }
}
// Lifetime bounds
pub fn longest_with_an_announcement<'a, T>(
    x: &'a str,
    y: &'a str,
    ann: T,
) -> &'a str
where
    T: std::fmt::Display,
{
    println!("Announcement! {}", ann);
    if x.len() > y.len() {
        x
    } else {
        y
    }
}
// Struct with lifetime parameters
pub struct Context<'a> {
    data: &'a str,
    metadata: &'a str,
}
impl<'a> Context<'a> {
    pub fn new(data: &'a str, metadata: &'a str) -> Self {
        Self { data, metadata }
    }
    
    pub fn get_data(&self) -> &'a str {
        self.data
    }
    
    pub fn get_metadata(&self) -> &'a str {
        self.metadata
    }
}
// Static lifetime
pub const HELLO_WORLD: &str = "Hello, world!";
pub fn static_lifetime_example() {
    let s: &'static str = "I have a static lifetime.";
    println!("{}", s);
}

Lifetime Elision

[lifetime_elision]
elision_rules: true
input_lifetimes: true
output_lifetimes: true
[elision_implementation]
// Lifetime elision rules
pub fn first_word_elided(s: &str) -> &str {
    let bytes = s.as_bytes();
    
    for (i, &item) in bytes.iter().enumerate() {
        if item == b' ' {
            return &s[0..i];
        }
    }
    
    &s[..]
}
// Multiple input lifetimes
pub fn longest_elided(x: &str, y: &str) -> &str {
    if x.len() > y.len() {
        x
    } else {
        y
    }
}
// Struct with elided lifetimes
pub struct Excerpt {
    part: &str,
}
impl Excerpt {
    pub fn new(part: &str) -> Self {
        Self { part }
    }
    
    pub fn level(&self) -> i32 {
        3
    }
    
    pub fn announce_and_return_part(&self, announcement: &str) -> &str {
        println!("Attention please: {}", announcement);
        self.part
    }
}

🗑️ Smart Pointers

Box Smart Pointer

[box_smart_pointer]
heap_allocation: true
recursive_types: true
trait_objects: true
[box_implementation]
// Box for heap allocation
pub fn box_example() {
    let b = Box::new(5);
    println!("b = {}", b);
}
// Recursive types with Box
#[derive(Debug)]
pub enum List {
    Cons(i32, Box<List>),
    Nil,
}
impl List {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        List::Nil
    }
    
    pub fn cons(head: i32, tail: List) -> Self {
        List::Cons(head, Box::new(tail))
    }
    
    pub fn head(&self) -> Option<i32> {
        match self {
            List::Cons(head, _) => Some(*head),
            List::Nil => None,
        }
    }
    
    pub fn tail(&self) -> Option<&List> {
        match self {
            List::Cons(_, tail) => Some(tail),
            List::Nil => None,
        }
    }
}
// Trait objects with Box
pub trait Draw {
    fn draw(&self);
}
pub struct Button {
    pub width: u32,
    pub height: u32,
    pub label: String,
}
impl Draw for Button {
    fn draw(&self) {
        println!("Drawing button: {}x{} with label '{}'", 
                self.width, self.height, self.label);
    }
}
pub struct SelectBox {
    pub width: u32,
    pub height: u32,
    pub options: Vec<String>,
}
impl Draw for SelectBox {
    fn draw(&self) {
        println!("Drawing select box: {}x{} with {} options", 
                self.width, self.height, self.options.len());
    }
}
pub struct Screen {
    pub components: Vec<Box<dyn Draw>>,
}
impl Screen {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            components: Vec::new(),
        }
    }
    
    pub fn add_component(&mut self, component: Box<dyn Draw>) {
        self.components.push(component);
    }
    
    pub fn run(&self) {
        for component in &self.components {
            component.draw();
        }
    }
}

Rc Smart Pointer

[rc_smart_pointer]
reference_counting: true
shared_ownership: true
immutable_sharing: true
[rc_implementation]
use std::rc::Rc;
// Rc for shared ownership
pub fn rc_example() {
    let data = Rc::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    
    let data1 = Rc::clone(&data);
    let data2 = Rc::clone(&data);
    
    println!("Reference count: {}", Rc::strong_count(&data));
    println!("Data1: {:?}", data1);
    println!("Data2: {:?}", data2);
}
// Shared data structure
#[derive(Debug)]
pub struct Node {
    value: i32,
    children: Vec<Rc<Node>>,
}
impl Node {
    pub fn new(value: i32) -> Self {
        Self {
            value,
            children: Vec::new(),
        }
    }
    
    pub fn add_child(&mut self, child: Rc<Node>) {
        self.children.push(child);
    }
    
    pub fn value(&self) -> i32 {
        self.value
    }
    
    pub fn children(&self) -> &[Rc<Node>] {
        &self.children
    }
}
pub fn tree_example() {
    let leaf = Rc::new(Node::new(3));
    let branch = Rc::new({
        let mut node = Node::new(5);
        node.add_child(Rc::clone(&leaf));
        node
    });
    
    println!("Branch: {:?}", branch);
    println!("Leaf reference count: {}", Rc::strong_count(&leaf));
}

Arc Smart Pointer

[arc_smart_pointer]
atomic_reference_counting: true
thread_safety: true
shared_state: true
[arc_implementation]
use std::sync::Arc;
use std::thread;
// Arc for thread-safe shared ownership
pub fn arc_example() {
    let data = Arc::new(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
    let mut handles = vec![];
    
    for id in 0..3 {
        let data = Arc::clone(&data);
        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
            println!("Thread {}: {:?}", id, data);
        });
        handles.push(handle);
    }
    
    for handle in handles {
        handle.join().unwrap();
    }
}
// Shared state with Arc and Mutex
use std::sync::Mutex;
pub struct SharedCounter {
    count: Arc<Mutex<i32>>,
}
impl SharedCounter {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            count: Arc::new(Mutex::new(0)),
        }
    }
    
    pub fn increment(&self) {
        let mut count = self.count.lock().unwrap();
        *count += 1;
    }
    
    pub fn get(&self) -> i32 {
        *self.count.lock().unwrap()
    }
}
pub fn shared_counter_example() {
    let counter = Arc::new(SharedCounter::new());
    let mut handles = vec![];
    
    for _ in 0..10 {
        let counter = Arc::clone(&counter);
        let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
            for _ in 0..100 {
                counter.increment();
            }
        });
        handles.push(handle);
    }
    
    for handle in handles {
        handle.join().unwrap();
    }
    
    println!("Final count: {}", counter.get());
}

🔄 Memory Patterns

RAII Pattern

[raii_pattern]
resource_acquisition: true
automatic_cleanup: true
drop_trait: true
[raii_implementation]
// RAII with custom types
pub struct DatabaseConnection {
    connection: Option<Connection>,
}
impl DatabaseConnection {
    pub fn new(url: &str) -> Result<Self, ConnectionError> {
        let connection = Connection::new(url)?;
        Ok(Self {
            connection: Some(connection),
        })
    }
    
    pub fn execute(&self, query: &str) -> Result<QueryResult, QueryError> {
        if let Some(ref conn) = self.connection {
            conn.execute(query)
        } else {
            Err(QueryError::ConnectionClosed)
        }
    }
}
impl Drop for DatabaseConnection {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        if let Some(conn) = self.connection.take() {
            conn.close();
        }
    }
}
// Mock types for demonstration
struct Connection;
struct QueryResult;
enum ConnectionError { Failed }
enum QueryError { ConnectionClosed }
impl Connection {
    fn new(_url: &str) -> Result<Self, ConnectionError> {
        Ok(Connection)
    }
    
    fn execute(&self, _query: &str) -> Result<QueryResult, QueryError> {
        Ok(QueryResult)
    }
    
    fn close(self) {
        println!("Connection closed");
    }
}

Memory Pool

[memory_pool]
object_pooling: true
reuse_objects: true
performance_optimization: true
[memory_pool_implementation]
use std::collections::VecDeque;
pub struct ObjectPool<T> {
    objects: VecDeque<T>,
    create_fn: Box<dyn Fn() -> T>,
}
impl<T> ObjectPool<T> {
    pub fn new<F>(create_fn: F) -> Self
    where
        F: Fn() -> T + 'static,
    {
        Self {
            objects: VecDeque::new(),
            create_fn: Box::new(create_fn),
        }
    }
    
    pub fn acquire(&mut self) -> T {
        self.objects.pop_front().unwrap_or_else(|| (self.create_fn)())
    }
    
    pub fn release(&mut self, object: T) {
        self.objects.push_back(object);
    }
    
    pub fn size(&self) -> usize {
        self.objects.len()
    }
}
// Usage example
pub struct ExpensiveObject {
    data: Vec<u8>,
}
impl ExpensiveObject {
    pub fn new() -> Self {
        Self {
            data: vec![0; 1024 * 1024], // 1MB allocation
        }
    }
    
    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
        self.data.fill(0);
    }
}
pub fn object_pool_example() {
    let mut pool = ObjectPool::new(ExpensiveObject::new);
    
    // Acquire objects
    let obj1 = pool.acquire();
    let obj2 = pool.acquire();
    
    // Release objects back to pool
    pool.release(obj1);
    pool.release(obj2);
    
    println!("Pool size: {}", pool.size());
}

🎯 Best Practices

1. Ownership Design

- Design APIs with clear ownership semantics - Use borrowing when possible - Implement proper move semantics - Consider performance implications

2. Memory Safety

- Leverage the borrow checker - Use appropriate smart pointers - Avoid unsafe code when possible - Test memory safety thoroughly

3. Performance

- Minimize allocations - Use stack allocation when possible - Profile memory usage - Optimize for zero-copy operations

4. Error Handling

- Use Result types for fallible operations - Implement proper cleanup in Drop - Handle out-of-memory conditions - Use RAII for resource management

5. Testing

- Test ownership and borrowing patterns - Verify memory safety - Test edge cases - Use tools like Miri for validation

Memory management with TuskLang and Rust provides unparalleled safety and performance through compile-time guarantees and zero-cost abstractions.